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| Social science essays | |
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| Tweet Topic Started: Sep 11 2013, 02:05 PM (313 Views) | |
| TheIceViking | Sep 11 2013, 02:05 PM Post #1 |
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I am doing two essays based on two separate questions. On Monday next week we have an exam and one of those questions will be on the exam and we will have to write what we remember from the essays we prepared. I basically just need pointers if you guys understand what the essay is about and if there is enough information for you to understand it. The question will be bold and the subject is underlined. I always feel like a babble a lot in essays so if you notice that let me know! Also I know they are short ... and finally the later essay might be confusing because I edited something and erased and haven't read over the whole thing so if you notice something please let me know! <3 Examine one evolutionary explanation of behavior Biological altruism Altruism is when a creature puts themselves in danger to save the life of others. The organism does not benefit from the actions and has a chance of getting hurt or killed. At first glance the altruistic behavior doesn’t make sense for the theory of evolution. The organism that puts itself in danger is more likely to get harmed thus less likely to reproduce, while the selfish organisms continue to reproduce because they aren’t getting harmed or killed. Thereby selfish behavior should be growing while altruistic behavior decreases. The existence of altruistic behavior seems to come in a conflict with the process of natural selection. Kin selection is one of the categories in altruism. In kin selection the organism that has relatives around is more likely to sacrifice themselves for their relatives. That means even though they die their genes can still be passed on and making the altruistic behavior more common. For example, squirrels that have more female relatives that are able to reproduce are much more likely to release a call. Even though the squirrel dies or gets harmed and can longer reproduce the squirrels relatives still can and will pass on their genes. There is also a thing called reciprocal altruism. This is basically when one of the organisms owes the other one. If there would be a hawk trying to attack squirrel one and squirrel two sacrifices himself to save squirrel one, and makes it out alive then squirrel one owes squirrel two. Perhaps the next day the hawk returns, then it is likely that squirrel one will sacrifice himself to safe squirrel two. This helps us understand how this all makes sense. Even though the organism with the gene is the one dying it leaves its relatives behind to pass on the gene. Explain one research study related to localization of function in the brain. Split brain research There are some people that need to have a surgery where the corpus callosum is removed, by doing that you separate the right and the left hemisphere and they can no longer communicate with each other. This surgery is often preformed on epileptic patients. When epileptic patients have a seizure it usually spreads through the whole brain but after the surgery the seizure is not able to spread and cause as much damage. There were eleven patients that participated in the experiment. These eleven patients all suffered from severe epileptic seizures. Medication did no appear to affect the seizures so these eleven patients had the surgery. In the surgery most or all of the cerebral commisures was cut, disconnecting the right and the left hemisphere. The two hemispheres could no longer communicate. After the surgery the patients were tested. They were placed in front of a computer screen and asked to gaze at a fixed point in the center of the projected screen. Then an image appeared on the left or right side of the screen for 0.01 seconds or less. The patients were then asked what they saw. When the image appeared on the right side of the screen the patients had no problems naming what it was they saw. However when the image appeared on the left side of the screen the patient was not able to name what it was. The patients were sometimes asked to draw what they saw on a paper and most of the time they drew the right image. The patients were also able to draw much better with their left hand even though they were right handed. The reason for that is because there was much more information about the object in the right hemisphere. The research is really good and shows how the hemispheres work differently. However we cannot tell from this research if this is the same for all patients. In this research were eleven patients that had all suffered from severe epilepsy. We cannot tell if the epilepsy has damaged the brain causing him to work separately. There have been performed many researches after this one though and they all bring the same results. |
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| Magnanimous | Sep 11 2013, 04:40 PM Post #2 |
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righto, ill bold any fixes i make so you can tell what ive changed. Altruism is when one creature puts itself in danger to save the life of another. The organism does not seem to benefit from these altruisticactions, and has a chance of getting injured, or even dying. one sentence cannot be a paragraph, get rid of this line break. Logically, it would be safe to assume that demonstrations of altruistic behavior directly counter the theory of natural selection. The organism that puts itself in danger is more likely to get harmed, thus less likely to reproduce, while the organisms that did not demonstrate altruistic actions continue to reproduce. Following the theory of natural selection, selfish behavior should show an increase in populations while altruistic behavior decreases. delete the last statement feel free to ignore this, as it is almost entirely rewritten. There are different categories of behavior within altruism, one of which is kin selection. Kin selection is the likelihood of organisms with relatives close by preforming some type of altruistic, self-sacrificing behavior. Since there are organisms in the immediate area, from the same gene pool that would survive and benefit from the behavior of a single organism, the prevalence of altruistic behavior increases. For example, squirrels that have more female relatives that are able to reproduce are much more likely to release a call. Even though the squirrel dies or gets harmed and can longer reproduce the squirrels relatives still can and will pass on their genes. A second category of altruistic actions within organisms is reciprocal altruism. Reciprocal altruism is when one the actions of one organism save another, and the second organism will reciprocate--or return the behavior at a later point. Looking at the different types of altruism can provide reasons for why organisms might engage in such behavior even when it is detrimental to their survival and thus, the passing along of their genes. Edited by Magnanimous, Sep 11 2013, 04:42 PM.
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| TheIceViking | Sep 25 2013, 03:26 PM Post #3 |
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I got 9,4 for my essay btw! I edit it just a little bit and thanks for the help Mag [: She even asked me if she could post my essay as an example for others to read over. Anyways I have more essays, this time there are three questions. However I have just finished the first one and I need some help. It is about Schema, all the questions are about this ... thing ... Here is my first essay, I still have to write the conclusion and evaluation, help with that would be greatly appreciated! The question is : Evaluate schema theory with references to research studies. Schema theory is one of the many theories of knowledge organization. The main idea of this theory is that new events around us are rarely, if ever, completely new to us. We might be experiencing the situation for the first time, but we have heard about it, read about it, seen it or been in a similar situation before, so we know how to react to the situation, because of previous knowledge. Barlett asked his English participants to read The war of Ghosts, which is a Native American folk tale. Barlett used two techniques to test the memory of the participants, serial reproduction and repeated reproduction. In serial reproduction the first participant reads the story and then reproduces it on paper. Then the second participant reads the reproduction of the first participant. This goes on until six or seven reproductions are completed, with an equal number of participants. In repeated reproduction the same participant contributes all six or seven reproduction. This takes place with number of attempts, separated by intervals of from 15 minutes to as long as several years. Both methods delivered similar findings. The most important finding was that the participants often changed some words in the story that they were more familiar with. Words that were not recognized much in the English culture and the participant’s background were often changed to familiar ones. Bransford and Johnson did another research as well. In that research they got some participants and divided them into groups. Each group would hear a speech that was quite long. One of the groups were allowed to hear the title of the speech before it was read, second group heard the title after the speech and the last group never heard the title. The ‘no title’ and ‘title after’ participants found it much harder to understand what the paragraph was about, while the ’title before’ participants were able to understand a much more. Of the 18 ideas the paragraph contained, participants from the ‘no title’ were able to recall 2,8 of the ideas, ‘title before’ was able to recall 5,8 of the ideas and the last group ‘title after’ was able to recall 2,6 of the ideas. It appears when the participants were able to hear the title before it seems as if it activated the schematic knowledge about what is involved when washing clothes, which is what the paragraph was about. If you have ideas to make this better let me knoww<33 |
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2:26 PM Jul 11