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Obscure Taxa; For interesting or obscure organisms you'd like to share.
Topic Started: Dec 14 2016, 09:46 PM (48,914 Views)
Sphenodon
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Next in the line of poorly-known cetacean taxa is the pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata), the smallest known species of mysticete at just over six meters (20 ft.) in length and 4,500 kilograms in weight.

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Beached specimen of C. marginata on the shores of New Zealand.

Generally found in Southern Hemisphere oceans along the 40th Parallel, the pygmy right whale is a fairly mysterious creature. Long known only from skeletal remains (the creature's first identification was based on baleen and skeletal elements recovered from a James Ross voyage), sightings of the pygmy right whale remain sparse outside of beached specimens. As such, information pertaining to the animal's exact social patterns, reproductive cycle, and interactions with predators remain almost completely unknown. Some information has been gleaned from the slim range of sightings that have occurred, though - for example, it is known that rather than being exclusively solitary, pygmy right whales on some instances can form aggregate crowds of dozens of individuals (though the purpose of these gatherings, or whether or not they are a frequent occurrence, remains a mystery).

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An image of the largest known aggregation of pygmy right whales in a single area (roughly one hundred individuals, though more could be present deeper in the water), observed during an aerial search off the coast of Portland, Victoria, Australia in 2007. Most of the individuals observed were juveniles, though a few adults were present. All specimens were observed to swim in an anticlockwise pattern.

Based off of gut contents from dissected beached individuals and a few rare observations of feeding individuals, C. marginata appears to have a preference for consuming copepods and krill. Said observational reports have also revealed the pygmy right whale to be a surface skim feeder, much as in the manner of true right whales (more on that later). What the pygmy right whale does not share in common with other skim-feeders, or with any other cetacean, is its jaw shape - the species' mandibles are far deeper and more robust in structure than those of any other mysticete, with the exact purpose of this jaw arrangement being unknown.

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The pygmy right whale's skeletal oddities don't stop there - the species also possesses bizarrely flared transverse processes on its thoracic vertebrae, and very broad, yet rather loosely-connected ribs. The species also seems to have oddly small hands in its flippers

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With this suite of odd physiological traits, it would therefore make sense for the pygmy right whale to be rather far removed from other mysticetes taxonomically. This is indeed the case - long believed to be an aberrant balaenid, studies conducted in 2012 linked the species to the family Cetotheriidae, a group of mysticetes originating towards the end of the Oligocene that had previously been believed to have gone extinct roughly two million years ago. Cetotheres once bore a global distribution, but over the span of the Neogene have dwindled down to this last species. The exact reason for this decline, whether from biological pressures, environmental factors, or both, remains unknown.

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Lateral view of a complete mounted pygmy right whale skeleton. Note the tiny hands.

Conservation data on the pygmy right whale remains as limited as sightings of live individuals, thus leading to the species' Data Deficient classification. Despite this, they do not seem to be noticeably negatively impacted by anthropogenic phenomena - only three known specimens have been recorded as taken in modern whaling operations (all by Soviet vessels in the 1970's), and the vast majority of observed deaths are from incidental strandings. Regardless, the further study and conservation of these whales remains important, both as the last members of their clade and rather neat little animals overall.


Video of a beached juvenile pygmy right whale being hauled back into the sea and released by members of the Namibian Dolphin Project and some onlooking tourists.
Edited by Sphenodon, Jan 23 2018, 01:49 AM.

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Refugium: A last chance for collapsing ecosystems and their inhabitants.
Pansauria: A terraforming project featuring the evolution of exactly one animal - the marine iguana.
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Microcosm: An exceedingly small environment.
Alcyon: A planet colonized by species remodeled into new niches by genetic engineering.
Oddballs: Aberrant representatives of various biological groups compete and coexist.

..and probably some other stuff at some point (perhaps a no K-T project). Stay tuned!
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Here are two flightless rails from the Australian continent (Sahul) you may not know about.



First up is the New Guinean Flightless Rail (Megacrex inepta). Its name is pretty descriptive; its a rail, its flightless and its found on the island of New Guinea. It is the only species in its genus, but is most closely related the birds in the genus Amaurornis. They are little known, uncommon and secretive, and thus few photos of them exist online; below is one of the few.

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They are quite large for a rail. Their preferred habitat includes lowland swamp forest, lowland rainforest, wet thickets, stands of bamboo and mangroves. The call of this bird is not unlike the squeal of a pig. Recorded habits include that it feeds mainly on insects and that it clambers up into trees to roost. Little else is known, and their is no record of a nest or eggs from this species. As with most of New Guinea's wildlife, much is still to be learnt about this elusive rail.



Another species of flightless rail occurs at the other end of the continent on the island of Tasmania. This is the Tasmanian Native-hen (Tribonyx mortierii), one of twelve species of birds now endemic to the island. This large rail once existed on mainland Australia, but like the Thylacine and Tasmanian Devil it disappeared not long before European settlement due to climate change, changing fire regimes and predation by Dingoes. Its closest relative is the Black-tailed Native-hen, which still occurs on the mainland and has retained the power of flight.

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In most places around the world, flightless birds quickly become threatened by human activities. However, the Tasmanian Native-hen is one of the few that is benefiting from human settlement. The hen prefers open grassy areas near water, and thus European agricultural practices suit it very nicely. The bird is common and easily seen in these areas, and thus it is much better studied than its New Guinean relative, which is clearly seen by the greater amount of information I can provide.

The social structure of the bird has been heavily studied. Tasmanian Native-hens live in groups of between two and five, plus the young birds from the previous breeding season, which tend to stay with the group and contribute to the care of the young until they move off to establish their own territories after around one year. The sedentary nature of the species means that groups hold sharply defined territories of up to 5 acres, and respond to trespassers in their territory vigorously with calls and displays. Fights can also occur, where birds will jump, peck and kick at each other violently, sometimes drawing blood and pulling feathers.

The breeding structure may be monogamous or polygamous, usually polyandrous. Each group contains a single breeding female who will mate with all the males of the group. The unusual social structure based on groups who stay together is not known to occur in many other species; the high ratio of male chicks to female chicks hatched is thought to be a possible explanation for this.

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The diet of the Tasmanian Native-hen is mostly made up of grass shoots and the leaves of low herbs which it grazes during daylight hours. These birds will also eat insects, seeds and orchard fruit. The species has a reputation among farmers as an agricultural pest. The damage to agriculture was extensively studied in the 1960s, and found that although there is some damage to crops, rabbits were responsible for more damage. Many beliefs held by farmers about damage to crops were found to be unlikely, with damage probably caused by other species.

The Tasmanian Native-hen is a secondary grazer, meaning that it depends on other species to keep grass swards low and with fresh shoots. Before European settlement in Tasmania, the cleared areas required for feeding would probably have been provided by Indigenous burning of grasslands to provide feeding grounds for mammals, which would be hunted for food. The expansion of these cleared grassy areas, and the introduction of rabbits, has provided greater food sources and thus greater numbers of the species within its range.

The Tasmanian Native-hen is currently classified as a species of Least Concern. Although there is a healthy population size and no significant falls have been measured, there is concern about the possible arrival of the Red Fox in Tasmania and the possible impact that it will have on this and other species.
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Continuing on with Australian birds, let me introduce Pardalotes (plus an extra bird species). These are a family of small (8.5-12 cm) passerines endemic to Australia characterised by their stubby beaks, short tails and colourful plumage. There are four species: Spotted Pardalote (Pardalotus punctatus), Striated Pardalote (Pardalotus striatus), Red-browed Pardalote (Pardalotus rubricatus) and Forty-Spotted Pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus).

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Striated Pardalote

Pardalotes live in eucalypt forests and woodlands where they feed in the canopy by gleaning insects from the foliage. The main part of their diet consists of lerps, a sugary casing excreted by psyllid bugs. Lerps are not exclusive to Australia, though seem to occur at higher frequency here, particularly on eucaypt species. This has led to the evolution of birds specialized to feed on them such as pardalotes who use their stout beaks to lever the lerps from leaves.

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Spotted Pardalote with lerps

Unlike many other small passerines, Pardalotes do not build nests out in the open but instead nest in small tree hollows or burrow tunnels into banks of earth such as creek banks, sand dunes, road cuttings, mounds of dirt, plant pots and sometimes even dig into flat ground, an unusual behaviour for a species that feeds in tree canopies. The reason for this most likely has to do with their relationship with other birds, particularity honeyeaters which are Australia's main nectarivorous birds. Honeyeaters also feed on lerps and will defend this resource from other birds. Being lerp specialists, pardalotes are particularly picked on by honeyeaters who will chase, attack and even kill pardalotes. Nesting in protected underground tunnels may be a response to these attacks as honeyeaters would likely destroy exposed nests. Short tails may also be a response to honeyeater attacks as having a short tail reduces the chances of being caught during a chase.

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Spotted Pardalote at burrow entrance

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Spotted Pardalote nest that I found after following a bird with nesting material, this one was made out of fallen branch

Of all the lerp defending honeyeaters, one of the most extreme would be the Bell Miner (Manorina melanophrys), another lerp specialist which defends patches of forest from other lerp eating birds. Unlike many other birds, such as pardalotes, Bell Miners carefully remove the lerp structure from the psyllid allowing the insect to survive and regrow another casing, other birds typically eat both the lerp and the psyllid. By doing this, Bell Miners can "farm" the pysllids for lerp and ensure they have a ready supply of food.

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Bell Miner on eucalypt branch, the white spots on the leaves are lerp

However, this "farming" can reach unsustainable levels when Bell Miner, and hence pysllid, densities get too high and the insects begin to defoliate the trees. In fact, there is a phenomenon in south-eastern Australia called Bell Miner Associated DieBack (BMAD) in which tracts of eucalypt forests begin to die from the top downwards, this form of die back is strongly associated with high densities of bell miners and pysllids. In some cases, when bell miners have been removed from areas of dying forests, other lerp-eating birds, like pardalotes, have quickly returned to feed on the lerps reducing their abundance and allowing trees to recover. However, this is not always the case and BMAD has been observed in areas without bell miners. The exact reasons behind BMAD are likely a range of factors including past disturbance from logging, grazing pressure, changed fire regimes, nutrient enrichment and weed invasion (particularly from lantana) which create a forest vulnerable to pysllid and bell miner infestations.

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Trees beginning to suffer from dieback
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When Owls ate Mammoths

Previously I have covered the fauna of Gargano, the spur of Italy's boot that during the Miocene was an island home to giant hedgehogs and eagle-sized barn owls. Today I want to cover another Mediterranean island that often gets overlooked, Crete.

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Crete is an large, mountainous island located off the coast of Greece at the southern tip of the Aegean. It is the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean, similar in size to Puerto Rico.

We will be focusing on life on the island during the Pleistocene, so this is fauna that would have been witnessed by the first human settlers on the island.

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Crete was formed around 20 million years ago, as Eurasia and Africa inched closer to one another, its rocks were forced up from the ocean floor. For a time Crete was part of mainland, but by 5 million years ago it had broken away and from that point onward it remained an isolated island.

While Gargano was home to many examples of insular gigantism, where small animals that arrive on islands are able to grow larger thanks to a lack of competition, Crete is home to many examples of the opposite, insular dwarfism where large animals on small islands evolve into smaller forms to better exploit limited resources.
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The first animal we will cover is Candiacervus, a genus of deer native only to Crete. Like Hoplitomeryx from Gargano, Candiacervus came in a variety of sizes. The largest were massive animals, standing 1.65 metres (5.41 feet) at the shoulder, taller than red deer and elk, though shorter than moose. The smallest were similar in size to the smallest living deer, the pudú, standing about 40 centimetres (1.3 foot) tall.

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The smallest Candiacervus also had short, stocky legs and thick strong bones suggesting they may have lived somewhat like mountain sheep and goats, hopping from rock to rock to graze and browse in the mountains.

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While similar in size the the South American pudú, Candiacervus had very different antlers. While most small deer have small antlers, or even lack them entirely, Candiacervus had very large antlers, I'm having trouble finding exact measurements but it looks like they could be at least half the length of the entire animal. These antlers were also shaped very unusually, being mostly made up of one, long spatulate tine and another smaller tine closer to the base.

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Candiacervus was related to the genus Megaloceros, which included the famous Irish elk. They seem to have died out after the arrival of humans on the island, either though direct hunting or losing habitat to human farms.
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Probably the largest inhabitant of the island lived in Crete's rivers and gorges, Hippopotamus creutzburgi. While restricted to two species in Africa today, hippos were once widespread and Asia, Madagascar and particularly in Europe.

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Many of these animals ended up on the islands of the Mediterranean, where they evolved into smaller forms and thrived until the arrival of humans. Hippopotamus creutzburgi was smaller than the modern Hippopotamus, but still a sizeable animal. Unfortunately information beyond that is rather limited, however I find out about Dorothea Bate, who excavated fossils of Hippopotamus creutzburgi and was the first female scientist employed by the Natural History Museum who lay the foundation for a lot of what we know about insular dwarfism and gigantism, studying both living and extinct animals across the Mediterranean, including the strange Myotragus and the Cyprus dwarf elephant.

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Speaking of small pachyderms, the next animal we will cover is the Cretan dwarf mammoth. The islands of the Mediterranean play host to a wide variety of miniature elephants, often with confusing taxonomic histories bouncing around between Elephas and Palaeoloxodon. Mammuthus creticus seems to be pretty firmly a member of mammoth family. It might seem a little odd for a mammoth to live in such a warm climate, but mammoths were originally an African species, and only left the continent around three million years ago.

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Cretan dwarf mammoth was, as its name suggests, small. The smallest mammoth and one of the smallest elephants ever, standing just a metre (3.2 feet) tall and weighing only 180 kilograms (396 pounds), making similar in size to a Shetland pony. Real ones, not those weird American ones.

Not much is known (or at least available on the internet) on their ecology and behaviour, but given the similarities between living elephants we can safely assume they lived in small groups of related females, with adult males living in bachelor herds or alone. I do wonder if these dwarf elephants could run. They are small enough to do it, but they probably wouldn't have much need to, and their might by anatomical limitations.

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Two things I am obligated to mention, the skulls of these animals are sometimes conjectured to be the inspiration for the cyclops myth and it's remotely possible that humans interacted with these animals and even captured them.

Artwork from Egypt dating to the 1400's BC depicts a pair of rather unusual elephants being lead by traders. These elephants seem hairy, have large tusks and domed heads, while they only come up to people's waist.

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This artwork is probably just an artistic interpretation of an elephant, and Egyptian art often plays with scale to show importance (Pharaohs are often depicted as giants, enemies of Egypt as tiny). However, the artist in question shows cattle and horses in correct scale, and make a giraffe as large as possible.

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Dwarf elephants were pretty much doomed once the encountered humans, if there is an animal people are better at wiping out than elephants it's animals adapted to island life. But the idea that a few clung on long enough to end up being brought to Egypt as tribute is a fascinating one.
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With such an abundance of prey, you might expect Crete to have been home to a host of mammalian predators, but that does not seem to be the case. Today the island is home to endemic subspecies of European badgers (Meles meles arcalus) and beech marten (Martes foina bunites).

The island is also home to least weasels and wildcats, getting good information on them is difficult. They have been called introduced species and native subspecies, Mustela nivalis galinthias and Felis silvestris cretensis respectively. I'm inclined to believe they are introduced myself, given the wildcat's absence from places like the Balearic islands, Cyprus and other Aegean islands, and the weasels rather scattershot distribution in the region.

Whether or not the weasel and wildcat were present during the Pleistocene, the island was also home to a species of otter, Lutrogale cretensis.

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Information is scarce on this animal, it seems to have been a pretty standard otter, though more terrestrial than the European otter (Lutra lutra) found in mainland Greece, closely related to the living smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), which lives mostly in India and Southeast Asia with an isolated population in Iraq.

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None of these species are exactly top predators, however, like Gargano, birds proved to be more than capable of claiming a spot at the top of the food chain. The Cretan owl, Athene cretensis was a member of the Athene genus, closely related to modern burrowing and little owls. There was nothing little about the Cretan owl, it seems to have stood 60 cm tall, the size of a snowy owl. They had long, powerful legs and they seem to have hunted terrestrially, being poor flyers at best.

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Alongside the extinct Creatan owl, Crete is also home to Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata) and Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), interestingly, the golden eagles of Crete are of the subspecies Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri, the subspecies found in Iberia, North Africa and the Middle East, while those in mainland Greece are Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos, found across the rest of Europe.

My estimates on the size of mammoth calves, based on the size of Asian elephant calves compared to their mother, suggests that newborn Cretan mammoth calves would have been between 6-10 kilograms in weight (13 to 22 pounds). Absolutely within the size range of Golden eagle prey, and probably small enough that Bonelli's eagles and Cretan owls would have hunted them. It's very likely at some point humans witnessed eagles carrying off elephant calves, and I find that amazing.

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Indeed, it's likely that given the mountainous nature of Crete, golden eagles would occasional drive Cretan mammoths off cliffs to kill them. A rare occurrence certainly, but well within the realms of possibility.
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In4 its an inspiration for Athena, who was based on a Minoan sun goddess.
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Another funny thing about Mediterranean fossils is that the Ancient Greeks had a myth about monstrous animals called Neades that lived on the island of Samos, went extinct, and the bones of which were on display in temples. It just so happens that Samos is rich in Miocene mammal megafauna remains.
Edited by Rebirth, Jan 26 2018, 01:10 PM.
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Great grey shrikes, Lanius excubitor are the largest of all the shrikes, about the same size as a American robin or Eurasian blackbird. Great grey shrikes have a cosmopolitan distribution, found across northern Europe and Siberia. They are closely related to the southern grey shrike Lanius meridionalis, which lives in Iberia, North Africa, Arabia and northern India, the Chinese grey shrike Lanius sphenocercus which lives in East Asia, the northern shrike Lanius borealis which lives in Siberia and North America and the loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus which is native to North America and the only shrike endemic to North America.

This video shows their size quite well.


Great grey shrikes prefer open grassland or scrub, but they need an elevated platform from which to hunt and feed. A tall, isolated, thorny tree is ideal, telegraph poles will serve almost as well, and a fence with some barbed wire will do in a pinch.

Handsome little killers
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These animals are serious predators, their most important prey item for them are rodents, with them regularly hunting mice and voles. These make up about half their diet. The rest of their diet is comprised of large beetles, grasshoppers, bees and wasps. They will also hunt shrews, lizards, frogs and toads, even small birds. They have even been recording hunting young stoats.

They will typically hunt by sitting in a tall tree and scanning the ground for prey, however they can also hover to hunt, and will occasionally forage on the ground. Once prey is spotted they will swoop down on them and grab their prey in their hooked beak, typically crushing the skull of mammalian prey. While they rarely hunt birds, they will exploit distracted territorial males, with some shrikes even imitating the songs of other birds to draw them in.

Small prey can be swallowed immediately, but if it is larger the shrike will take it somewhere to process it. The carcass is either impaled on a spike, or wedged between branches. Once securely anchored it can be torn apart at leisure. Sometimes food needs more processing than simply tearing off chunks. Toads need to be skinned to remove their toxic hides, while poisonous grasshoppers can be left for a few days for the toxins to break down.

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Great grey shrikes will also use thorny bushes to store food, creating a macabre larder of impaled mice, insects and birds.

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During the summer they will form monogamous pairs (the sexes are nearly identical) and will rear a single brood of around 7 chicks, only raising a second brood in very good years. Great grey shrikes prefer to nest near fieldfares, with both species helping guard against nest robbers, and the Great grey shrikes seem to very rarely prey on fieldfare chicks, despite them otherwise being ideal prey. Once summer ends they pair will separate and likely pair up with a different mate the next year.

While some populations are sedentary, most migrate to warmer climates during the winter. Interestingly, until the 1970's they were parasitized by common cuckoos but now no-longer seem to be. To be able to mimic man different bird eggs, cuckoos are divided into different genetic groups known as gens. The ability to lay eggs that resemble those of a particular bird is linked to the W chromosone, which only female birds have.

Given that both the great grey shrike and the cuckoo have declined, and as a predator the great grey shrike is always going to be rarer than other hosts, it seems the cuckoo gens able to parastize great grey shrikes has gone extinct.

Sadly for whatever reason, these birds very rarely nest in Britain, and are increasingly rare winter visitors.
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Today, there are two species of turkey, the wild turkey (M. gallopavo) and the ocellated turkey (M. ocellata). However, there were other species in the past. Among the most well-known is the Californian Turkey, Meleagris californica, Built with more stockier frame and a wider beak as adaptations to the harsh winters of the Pleistocene then the wild and ocellated turkeys, the californian turkey is among the most commonly found bird in the La Brea Tar Pits with over 11,116 specimens (mostly juveniles and subadults), second only to the Golden eagle. There are several theories as to the evolution of the species, such as an earlier species of turkey being isolated by the southwestern deserts.

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Sources

Bocheński, Z. M. & Campbell, K. E. 2006. The extinct California turkey, Meleagris californica, from Rancho La Brea: comparative osteology and systematics. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science 509, 1-92.
Edited by Yiqi15, Feb 19 2018, 09:32 AM.
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I know dinosaurs are often overstated, but here's an odd one worth mentioning.
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Meet Limusaurus. A fairly non-descript theropod, most would assume its an ornithomimid. However, from the Jurassic, this ceratosaur has convergantly evolved in a similar to ornithomimids in terms of anatomy. Juveniles show the ancestral trait of being toothed, but adults are toothless. Its an early example of theropods going from classically carnivorus lifestyles to herbivorus ones, long before the more famous herbivorus theropods appeared.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limusaurus
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Edited by Terraraptor411, Feb 3 2018, 03:36 PM.
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In many instances, when you look at a project about an alien planet, you can find the term "parakaryote" being used, usually to signify that the cells have a nucleus while not being eukaryotes. Arguably, this is common enough to have become cliche at this point, but the term was actually unoriginal the instant it was coined-at least to nature. Meet Parakaryon myojinensis, aka the Myōjin Parakaryote.

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This strange microbe was found from hydrothermal vents more than a kilometer beneath the surface at the Myōjin Knoll, hence its specific epithet. As far as I'm certain, it is the only organism known to be incertae sedis within Biota itself, given the electron microscopy analysis describing characteristics of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It has a cell wall, though that's not very helpful since both groups have examples of those. Its size is more similar to eukaryotic cells than bacteria or archaea, it has a nucleus, and at least one endosymbiont, if not the likely three. Then, it screws us up by having a nuclear membrane consisting of one layer instead of the omniscient two layers found in every other nucleus, and its DNA is organized as a nucleoid rather than a chromosome, a trait belonging to prokaryotes. To finish its act, the 'para'-nucleus takes up almost all of the cell's volume and the endosymbiont is shaped like a spiral, hailing spirochete ancestry instead of bacillus-like mitochondria.

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(b) is the nucleus, (c) is the cytoplasm, (d) are the endosymbionts, (e) and (f) are vesicles and/or ribosomes.

Sadly, the discovery team was not able to culture it, and it has not been found since 2012, the year of discovery. In short, a microbiological cryptid/platypus.

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This was getting fairly big.
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Why didn't they attempt to extract any genetic material?
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Swamp world: A world covered in lakes, with the largest being caspian sized.
Nematozoic: After a mass extinction of ultimate proportions, a single species of nematode is the only surviving animal.
Tri-devonian: A devonian like ecosystem with holocene species on three different continents.

Quotes


Phylogeny of the arthropods and some related groups


In honor of the greatest clade of all time


More pictures


Other cool things


All African countries can fit into Brazil
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Inceptis
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In-tro-vertebrate
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As explained in the spoiler, the only two sources I really had was the Oxford abstract and the Wikipedia article. I don't even know how they determined it was a nucleoid instead of chromatin bunches.
This was getting fairly big.
Spoiler: click to toggle
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Holben
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Rumbo a la Victoria

In years of searching before and since, this was the only specimen they found, and it was discovered by doing electron microscopy sections, 67 to be exact. This is destructive and there's no genome left to analyse.

Parakaryon is so interesting. I think the most plausible explanation is also the most fascinating- this is a prokaryote recapitulating the way that eukaryotes came out, at rough approximation. And if that's true that raises a lot of new questions. How often does this happen? If frequently, why did it only produce something as successful as eukaryotes once?

BTW Inceptis, you can get the full paper here (PDF)
Time flows like a river. Which is to say, downhill. We can tell this because everything is going downhill rapidly. It would seem prudent to be somewhere else when we reach the sea.

"It is the old wound my king. It has never healed."
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Rodlox
Superhuman
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IIGSY
Feb 10 2018, 11:07 PM
Why didn't they attempt to extract any genetic material?
typically, that requires culturing, which they couldn't do with it.
.---------------------------------------------.
Parts of the Cluster Worlds:
"Marsupialless Australia" (what-if) & "Out on a Branch" (future evolution) & "The Earth under a still sun" (WIP)
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LittleLazyLass
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Proud quilt in a bag

This thing has to be the coolest thing I've seen in this thread yet.
totally not British, b-baka!
Posted Image You like me (Unlike)
I don't even really like this song that much but the title is pretty relatable sometimes, I guess.
Me
What, you want me to tell you what these mean?
Read First
Words Maybe
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