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| The Fire Forest; In a hostile environment, a rich ecosystem hangs from the branches of giant trees | |
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| Topic Started: Feb 11 2016, 10:00 PM (4,495 Views) | |
| HangingThief | Feb 11 2016, 10:00 PM Post #1 |
ghoulish
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 Table of Contents 9 million years in the future, life on earth hasn't changed all that much. The anthropocene age was not a severe mass extinction- humans wiped themselves out before they could eliminate many major groups of animals. But they did have a profound impact on the climate- by digging up fossilized swamp plants and algae and using them for energy, they unleashed millions of years of stored carbon back into the atmosphere. As the climate warmed, permafrost melted and bacteria began to digest the frozen plant matter, releasing even more greenhouse gases. They could do nothing as their seas rose and arable land desertified, politics preventing them from taking any steps toward population reduction. The eruption of the Yellowstone caldera midway through the 21st century was the last straw. After the humans, their pollution and their agricultural fields went away, forests and algal blooms went to town converting the human and volcano created co2 into oxygen and creating oxygen rich conditions not unlike the Carboniferous. The ice caps have melted entirely, and barely a dry spot is left- swamp became more common than forest. (EDIT: there's some things wrong with that section^, so just ignore it. For example, the Yellowstone caldera wouldn't actually erupt so soon and cause severe climate change, and it's a cliche anyway. I'll fix it eventually. The basic premise is that the earth is warmer, and this project takes place in coastal arctic regions of North America.) Much of the world became a paradise, especially for ectothermic animals. (However, mammals and birds certainly didn't go anywhere or give up their niches to gigantic insects, as sad as it is.) The coal swamps returned in this thick, humid atmosphere in any reasonably warm lowland area. Life flourished in most areas. But these areas are not what we are going to focus on. The far northern coastal regions is not hot and humid or cold and dry. It is best described as a mild, rather dry Mediterranean climate. In the summer, rain is rare and most moisture comes from sea fog. It should be a desert. But it's not- there are extremely dense forests consisting of the towering descendants of redwoods (Sequoia destruaradix) and bamboos (Tuberculobambusa gigas). The soil is dry and devoid of other plant life. (No thanks to the shade and acidic carpet of needles created by the redwoods.) How do these giant plants get enough water to survive? What is their secret? It's all thanks to their roots. In the redwoods, it's rather simple and has to do with the geography- the areas with redwood forests correlate with shallow water tables. Most trees start their life with a large taproot for getting moisture from the ground, but become shallow rooted in adulthood. The coast redwoods that the future redwoods evolved from were no exception. But the future redwoods evolved to keep it, and grow quite possibly the biggest taproot ever to pierce into the water table and suck out the water. But this brings to light a problem- how do the young trees become established? The establishment of young trees is an unusual case of what could be described as botanical parental care and sacrifice of offspring. Most plants adopt the strategy of spreading their seeds as far away as possible so that offspring aren't in competition with their parent. But a baby tree can't obtain water on its own in this climate- it needs help. So, the parent tree connects some roots with a nearby sapling (which grows in the winter) shares water with it. But this sapling isn't destined to become a giant tree- it's mother simply can't have another redwood grow right next to it. The young tree "understands" this and will sacrifice itself to a sibling- another sapling growing further from the mother. It will connect roots and give the water being pumped to it by their mother to the next sapling. As soon as it has connected to another sapling, it mostly stops growing itself apart from strengthening the roots used to pump water to and from its neighbors. It becomes nothing more than a water transportation unit. A chain of these water transporters continues, sometimes through dozens of young trees, until one that is a sufficient distance from the mother tree is reached. This all must happen before the winter is over- any unconnected saplings die in the summer drought. The final link grows very rapidly, as the mother tree pumps not only fluids but also sugar (as their is little sunlight below the canopy) and nitrogen to the young tree to fuel it. Because it receives everything it needs from its mother, it focuses on two things- growing a tall trunk and thick bark, and growing its taproot. Once the taproot hits the water table, however, the mother doesn't cut it off just yet- perhaps if it has many offspring it will cut off the weaker ones, but generally it keeps the supply flowing. Even though the tree is independent, it's not out of danger yet- indeed, it will not be completely out of danger for hundreds of years. It is important that it grows as tall as possible as fast as possible, and not just because it needs sunlight. We will get around to the reason why shortly. The fast growing bamboo grows in the redwood forest when a tree falls down and lets in sunlight. But in general, places with underground reservoirs are practically monocultures of redwoods (at least from a ground level view) and those without are dominated by bamboo. But in many places, due to redwood's previously described water sharing chains, redwoods can slowly encroach upon the bamboo. So how does the bamboo get its water? One clue is that some species of related, deciduous bamboos have colonized the inland deserts. They have become succulents. Not visible stem or leaf succulents like cacti, but rather root succulents- they have enormous underground tubers for storing water and sugar. One curious fact, though, is that the winters are not long or wet enough for a stand to accumulate enough water to last it through the summer. It should run dry after a bit of vigorous spring growth. Yet it doesn't. Tomorrow, I'll post why there are only bamboo and redwoods, why it is necessary for the young redwoods to receive support from their mother even after hitting the water table, and why the bamboo doesn't run out of water- (hint: it's in the title) I probably won't be getting around to animals for a while. Edited by HangingThief, Aug 22 2016, 09:23 PM.
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| Flisch | Feb 20 2016, 09:11 PM Post #46 |
Superhuman
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Dude, my monitor is 1920 wide and is able to show not even one third of that image. Is it really that hard to put pictures in spoilers? |
| We have a discord. If you want to join, simply message me, Icthyander or Sphenodon. | |
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| HangingThief | Feb 20 2016, 09:21 PM Post #47 |
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ghoulish
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I know, I just figured that people would think that's where I got the idea even though it isn't. |
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| Thylacine | Feb 20 2016, 09:55 PM Post #48 |
thylacine.exe has failed
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Australia knows no spoilers also, thanks for the fix holben |
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Spoiler: click to toggle
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| ThinkingRat7 | Feb 21 2016, 02:06 AM Post #49 |
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Newborn
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I really like idea of parental care in plants. |
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Rats Rats Rats Rats Current Projects:Tale of Worlds | |
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| HangingThief | Feb 25 2016, 06:05 PM Post #50 |
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ghoulish
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(Finally finished the next update!) The floor of the Fire Forest is not actually barren of all plant life except for the trunks of the redwoods and bamboos. In the summertime it certainly is, save the occasional fallen cactus seedling that avoids being burned, but for a few short weeks in the winter when rain moistens the soil the forest floor transforms. Various grasses and small flowers sprout from the rich ash, creating a lush carpet of green. They complete their life cycle rapidly, flowering and producing seeds in as little as 20 days before being eaten to the ground by herbivorous animals or shriveling up when the summer sun begins to return. Few if any meet their end from a fire on an average year, as they are too well prepared for completing their life cycle before the rainy winter is over. In the short time that the brown, lifeless understory is filled with tender young leaves, animals that spend the entire rest of the year without touching the ground once come down to feed. Small desert deer and goats from the adjacent deserts enter the fire forest to feed, while herbivores from the trees make a vertical migration downwards to get some variety from the mostly dry, prickly, and poisonous types of vegetation that grows in the canopy. Tree- dwelling grasshoppers, which like many creatures never normally leave the treetops and lay their eggs in the soil deposits that develop on limbs far above the ground, have two distinct forms over the multiple generations they produce every year. The summer form is dark green, mottled, and spends its entire life grasping the redwood needles upon which it feeds exclusively. The winter form hatches out dark but quickly molts to a pale green hue that matches the fresh greenery growing below. They drop ( which often takes several hours) to the ground, grow rapidly, develop stronger wings than their parents and disperse. They choose a tree and begin to migrate upwards until they find the first living branches. They lay their eggs in the lowest soil deposit on the tree, and the offspring that hatch continue the journey. In the winter, none of them will turn pale and repeat the cycle- rather, they remain the same as their parents and continue to slowly ascend, feeding along the way and laying eggs at the end of their journey. When the great- great-great- etc. grandchildren of the original grasshoppers reach near the top of the tree, a population explosion occurs. Or, at least tries to occur. The original purpose of this behavior was so that the once devastating and locust- like swarms that only occurred once in several years would always have plenty of needles to eat at the top of the tree and would catch predators off guard, but the system has broken down as different groups of grasshoppers accidentally became separated so that a generation reaches the top of the tree every year. So, predators expect them to be there every year and a huge swarm never takes place. But the grasshopper’s genes have yet to catch on. So whenever a group of grasshoppers reaches the top of the tree, they try to lay a huge number of eggs. The grasshoppers that hatch from those eggs, in turn, have unusual swarming behavior (which is disadvantageous in small groups), lay eggs that hatch into pale green winter- form offspring that drop to the ground, feed on the ephemeral vegetation, disperse to new trees and begin the migration again. Their numbers have dwindled, but they will adapt and give up the behavior eventually. Perhaps when it is totally extinguished from their genes, they or another species will evolve it again, the staggered cycle of insect generations operating on two different scales. When one looks at the Fire Forest understory in the winter, there is a definite pattern in the way the vegetation is distributed. Patches that didn't burn the previous year have thicker vegetation, and are dominated by grasses, sedges, and weedy species. Those that did burn are somewhat sparser, and have fewer species. This is because the seeds of most plants (few of these plants are perennial, it's too dry and rodents eat any tubers that aren't huge or very deep underground, like those of the bamboo) are destroyed by the flames. But that raises the question: how do the seeds of the plants that do grow in the burned patches get there? The most obvious is fireproof seeds, but that's not as simple as it sounds. Such seeds require a large amount of energy to produce, so the plant must produce fewer in the limited growing season and risk being outcompeted, especially considering seed eating animals find these larger seeds attractive. By far the most common winter understory plant (and also most widely eaten) is a small, pale green grass that tolerates the shade well- Phoenix Grass, Cinereanatus brevis. It's seeds, when they are mature, are tiny and covered with filaments that allow them to float on the breeze. The filaments are surprisingly durable and do not detach from the seed or break easily. They stick to the bark of redwood trees, and when exposed to low humidity and heat for several weeks time the filament’s wax like coating melts and glues the seed firmly to the bark. All summer long, there is little likelihood of the seed being exposed to moisture for more than a few hours. But when winter arrives and it rains, and the seed goes a day or two without the chance to fully dry out the glue dissolves away and frees the seed. It falls to to the ground, the remaining filaments allowing it to fly some distance but not enough to cause it to end up clinging to another tree trunk. This way, the phoenix grass seeds seeds that are lucky enough to end up on tree trunks can escape being burned and end up in previously burned patches of soil the next winter. Those that don't and end up on the ground still have a reasonable chance of survival by sheer luck, but they will have to compete with many other plants occupying the same space, having spread there by more conventional methods such as simple flying seeds and fruit. But there is another plant found growing in burned patches whose life cycle is far more unusual. After the large purple flowers of the Small Scaleflower (Coniferasimilis pauxillulus), which rarely grows more than 5 inches high, have been pollinated, they close up and become tough brown shells with pinecone- like scales on the outside. Like actual pinecones, which they do superficially resemble on the outside, the purpose of the scales is to hold the seeds until they are ready to open. These small, bizarre seedpods aren’t fireproof, and the seeds, though possessing a small ‘wing’ that allows them to blow to a new area when dropped from some height, are not capable of flight like those of the phoenix grass. How does the plant end up in patches of soil that burned over the summer? Like most flowering plants, it relies on animals for the first portion of its reproduction. (Pollinators in the Fire Forest range from vegetarian cicindelid beetles to geckos that roll their tongue into a makeshift nectar- sipping proboscis, but that's a subject for another time.) Like many plants, it also relies on animals for the second phase, seed dispersal. But it does so in a very unusual way. Solitary wasps in the families Eumeninae and Sphecidae, the mason, potter, and mud- dauber wasps, are known for their habit of collecting mud or mixing dry soil with water to create small nest chambers provisioned with paralyzed caterpillars, spiders, or other prey for their larvae to eat. In the fire forest summer, however, there is rarely any water to be found with which to mix cement. In the early morning, there may be droplets of fog in the canopy, but unlike the enormous silkwasps the tiny mason wasps cannot easily make the long trip from the ground and the canopy, and they can only be active in the heat of the day after all moisture has evaporated anyway- like any desert the fire forest does get somewhat cold at night, and only large wasps can generate and retain enough heat to fly early in the morning. (Another reason for the silkwasp’s massive size.) The wasps had to adapt. At first, some species that moved into these sorts of climates began using broken nutshells as nest chambers, gluing them to branches and patching them up apart from an entrance hole using resin, propolis or whatever other sticky substances they could find. These nests have the added perk of being far more durable than mud chambers. But the scaleflowers, with their nut like seed pods complete with a convenient entrance hole at the center, are even better for this purpose, especially since nut- like seeds are scarce in the fire forest. (The few species that do have them rely on squirrels and other rodents to stash them in soil deposits or rotting sections of branches.) The pods are durable yet light and easily carried. Several species of wasps, as well as a few solitary bees, use the pods as nest chambers.*When ripe, the pod’s stem fills with sticky, glue like sap that oozes when cut. A female bee or wasp chews through the stem, carries it up to a branch, (some species are strong enough to fly with it, but others take the tedious route of dragging it up a redwood trunk), and affixes it to the branch’s underside using the sticky sap. If it is a species that is active in the summer, long after the scaleflowers are dead and the pods are littered about on the ground, she will have to be more resourceful and use the aforementioned resin or propolis to attach the pod. She then stocks the chamber with the appropriate quantity of paralyzed prey or pollen and seals the entrance and reinforces the nest’s attachment with her cement of choice. When the fires return in the summer, it causes the scales on the outside of the pod to open, releasing the seeds. They fall onto the recently burned ground and sprout next winter. *I know, the whole “wasps giving up building their own nests in favor of using modified hollow spaces in plants” thing I've repeated is a bit redundant, but who says evolution isn't redundant? Edited by HangingThief, Feb 25 2016, 09:39 PM.
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| Beetleboy | Feb 26 2016, 10:03 AM Post #51 |
neither lizard nor boy nor beetle . . . but a little of all three
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I know the feeling. By the way, great update! You're doing a brilliant job on making your first project - certainly one of the better ones we've had recently. Unfortunately I feel that a lot of projects, particularly in the future evo section are rather underdeveloped, and it is clear not a lot of thought has gone into them, at the least the ones we've had lately. This project, on the other hand, is one of my favourites. 
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| ~ The Age of Forests ~ | |
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| HangingThief | Mar 15 2016, 08:11 PM Post #52 |
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ghoulish
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Considering the nutrient deficit nature of the canopy, it only makes sense that many of the fire forest’s epiphytes have turned to carnivory, obtaining the nitrogen they require from the abundant insects and other small animals found in the fire forest. Pitcher plants and their relatives are the most common. Since many of their prey times have wizened up due to their abundance, some species go to great lengths to disguise their pitchers as harmless parts of other plants (including flowers and flat leaves) or developed new strategies such as mimicking insect sex pheromones. Others have built upon a strategy first employed by few Holocene species- acting not as a death trap, but rather a toilet into which birds and other animals excrete as they feed on the nectar secreted by the pitcher. One bird (Hebetepinna krelbornii) gathers poisonous or otherwise inedible insects and feeds them to a plant, prompting it to ooze more nectar. Some of them grow horizontally, or even upside down, and no longer rely on gravity and fluid (a rare commodity, due to lack of rainfall many species have switched to a small amount of viscous, sticky, syrup- like digestive fluid) to trap and drown their prey. So- called ‘lobster trap’ plants, their pitchers have a small, inward- facing entrance that can be easily squeezed into but not so easily squeezed out of, just like a lobster trap. The pitcher is quite tough and totally smooth on the inside, so there is little chance of prey tearing or chewing its way out- especially since the plant seals the entrance and floods the chamber with asphyxiating gas. These traps, attached to branches, last a very long time and eventually become woody and encrusted with lichens and small plants, indistinguishable from a harmless hollow log. But some creatures sometimes do escape from the lobster traps, and ironically they're by far the closest thing the traps catch to actual lobsters. The crayfish or yabbies (Astacoidea) have been a busy group these last few million years. In the Holocene they were limited to occasional foraging excursions onto land, with a few fully terrestrial burrowing species. Now, fully terrestrial tree- dwelling crayfish (Terrecambaridae) feed, reproduce and frolic in the dry reaches of the fire forest canopy. The advantage crayfish have over the longer established terrestrial crabs is their life cycle. Crayfish eggs hatch immediately into large, fully formed young rather than going through a tiny, planktonic larval stage that must be deposited into the ocean to survive. Land crayfish’s pleopods have developed into flat, overlapping structures that seal in moisture and protect the eggs and young babies as females carry them around. Their modified gills are as efficient at extracting oxygen from dry air as those of a woodlouse. They still cannot breathe without at least some humidity, however. Fortunately, due to the water vapor released by the trees and moisture trapped by epiphytes, the fire forest canopy stays humid enough to support crayfish even in the summer. Should they get caught out in unusually dry weather, they are capable of ‘holding their breath’ for quite some time so that their gills don't dry out before they find shelter. In the most brutally hot parts of the summer, they can estivate for several weeks. Nevertheless, many species are nocturnal and prefer to spend the day hidden in a moist hideaway. A lobster trap plant would appear ideal for this purpose... Sure enough, tree crayfish commonly fall victim to the plants. If a small, weak crayfish enters an old, tough- walled trap its chances of survival are slim. But, thanks to their strong, sharp, claws and ability to hold their breath, larger crayfish often last long enough to bust their way out before they succumb to the effects of the gas. Usually they know to target the entrance, a soft weak point. Furthermore, the thick, waterproof exoskeleton of a terrestrial crayfish that helps them avoid becoming dehydrated is rather resistant to the digestive juices that flood the chamber. Because the trap is often destroyed, or at least damaged in such a way that the entrance fails to heal correctly, ‘lobsters’ themselves are the greatest scourge to ‘lobster trap’ plants. Some have been forced to make the entrances smaller to avoid admitting a crustacean large enough to inflict damage, which greatly decreases the trap’s usefulness. Up until now, you've most likely been picturing just regular crayfish that happen to be scuttling around on tree branches. In reality, tree crayfish look quite different from their aquatic and amphibious ancestors. In adapting to a terrestrial environment, their limbs have become even more specialized for different functions, rendering them even more of a biological Swiss Army Knife than before. Aquatic crayfish generally walk using their back four pairs of legs, two of which are tipped with small claws. The large front claws are held out in front, reserved for seizing prey and self defense. The muscular tail, which has four small fins in the back, is used to rapidly swim backwards when the crayfish is threatened. The large claws of a tree crayfish aren't held above the ground- the crayfish puts them to good use as it moves through the trees. They are hooked at the tips and used in climbing. The last two pairs of walking legs are enlarged, thickened, and tipped with a sharp talon. The two pairs of legs with small claws have become slender and greatly elongated, and are held above the ground as the crayfish walks. They now have a considerably greater reach than the larger front claws. The result of this new arrangement is that the crustacean moves with a hexapodal gait- walking on its front pair of claws and posterior walking legs as the second and third pair of legs, essentially the crayfish’s new “hands”, probe about finding and grabbing food. When it is climbing a tree trunk or other vertical surface, it can grip the bark tightly with its last two pairs of legs to free up its large anterior claws for other purposes. Tree Crayfish One claw is significantly larger than the other. It's primary purpose besides locomotion is defense. It is very strong, very sharp, and that hooked tip can be used to stab at would- be predators. The other front claw is smaller, stouter, and more sharply hooked. It is arguably the most important tool at the crayfish’s disposal. It gives it a secure hold while climbing and is used for cutting up larger chunks of food and digging. The long legs tipped with small claws are, as mentioned before, used for gathering food. The crayfish, when out foraging, slowly roams around on the bark, using them to hoover up the edible organic matter in its path as it pokes them in and out of crevices to extract whatever food could be hidden there. Many species are omnivorous scavengers, just like their ancestors. They eat fungi, lichen, fruit, carrion, dead and living vegetation, and whatever insects or other small animals they can catch. Some have become specialized into stout, bulky, heavily armored vegetarians. Others have become agile, long legged predators that stalk and capture wary, fast moving insects. Most omnivore species are carnivorous as young but incorporate more and more vegetable matter into their diet as they grow and age. Since a tasty crayfish dinner is on the menu of many predators in spite of the claws, they have developed an escape tactic. Two of the fins on the end of the tail have become a pair of hooked ferculae that can be folded under the abdomen. They function just like the fercula of a springtail- when threatened, the crayfish can lock the hooks against a ridge on its underside and suddenly releases them, flinging itself into the air. Even the heaviest species can jump a few feet in this manner. Arboreal species living in tall trees are somewhat reluctant to do this, but there is a slim chance of a crayfish atop a redwood actually falling all the way to the ground without a branch or twig catching it. The rest of the time, the hooks act as a Edited by HangingThief, Jan 13 2017, 05:49 PM.
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| LittleLazyLass | Mar 17 2016, 06:14 PM Post #53 |
Proud quilt in a bag
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Crayfish that live in trees. I love it. In little more than a month this has easily become one of my favorite projects on this site. |
totally not British, b-baka! You like me (Unlike)I don't even really like this song that much but the title is pretty relatable sometimes, I guess. Me What, you want me to tell you what these mean? Read First Words Maybe | |
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| El Dorito | Mar 18 2016, 07:11 AM Post #54 |
chlorinated opthalmic trigonometric shape of conspiracy and dank memes
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Can I just point out that an eruption of the Yellowstone caldera today wouldn't qualify as a VEI 8 supereruption, nor is it going to happen in the next 100 years time at least. (Really if you want to worry about a potentially civilisation ending eruption that has a more than nothing chance of happening in the 21st century, worry about the eventual detonation of Iwo Jima island sometime in the next 1000 years, basically its a sort of krakatoa x 10 in the making). On a more related and relevant note, where exactly is the habitat this is set in actually located? I'm guessing its in North America because of the redwood trees, but i'm not exactly sure. Edited by El Dorito, Mar 18 2016, 07:12 AM.
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I REGRET NOTHING What if denizens of the United States call themselves 'Americans' so as to avoid being called USAliens? DeviantArt: EL-D0rito My Projects: Atlantis: The Next Union On hold until I regain interest. Argus: The Cyber-Planet Will be rewritten and redone almost completely | |
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| LittleLazyLass | Mar 18 2016, 09:23 AM Post #55 |
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Proud quilt in a bag
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Yeah I've been assuming south-western US/northern Mexico but I'm not sure if it was ever mentioned. |
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totally not British, b-baka! You like me (Unlike) I don't even really like this song that much but the title is pretty relatable sometimes, I guess. Me What, you want me to tell you what these mean? Read First Words Maybe | |
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| The Xenologist | Mar 18 2016, 09:24 PM Post #56 |
Adult
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The first post mentions "the far northern coastal regions," so I'm guessing Pacific Northwest. |
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"The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible." -Arthur C. Clarke "I am certain there is too much certainty in the world." -Michael Crichton "When a man is tired of dinosaurs, he is tired of life, for there is in a dinosaur all that life can afford." -Queen Victoria "Fair is what we see, fairer what we have perceived, fairest what is still in veil." -Blessed Nicolas Steno Visit the lovely Second Earth! | |
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| Whiteshore | Mar 18 2016, 11:54 PM Post #57 |
Adult
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Will there be Megalania-sized Varanids? |
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Go to Crurotheria:A world of Killer Rodents,Notosuchid Elephants,and Sirenian Hippos: http://s1.zetaboards.com/Conceptual_Evolution/topic/5035229/1/ | |
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| HangingThief | Mar 19 2016, 06:41 PM Post #58 |
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ghoulish
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Yeah, didn't put that much thought into the scenario. Just wanted humans out of the way and somewhat thicker atmosphere. Edited by HangingThief, Mar 19 2016, 07:04 PM.
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| HangingThief | Mar 19 2016, 06:45 PM Post #59 |
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ghoulish
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Yep. Northern Canada and Alaska. |
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| HangingThief | Mar 19 2016, 07:03 PM Post #60 |
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ghoulish
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Nah. Not much food on the forest floor. Perhaps in other regions. I do have an idea for a giant, omnivorous chameleon that hangs upside down like a sloth. |
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